DRYING'86

ed. A.S. Mujumdar

Contents	v
Preface	xv
Acknowledgements	xvii
Volume I Section I Keynote Lectures
Advances in Transport Phenomena and Thermodynamics in the Drying of Cellular Food Systems E. Rotstein, Argentina	1
Electrical Methods for Drying C.L. Lopez-Cacicedo, U.K.	12
A Finite Element Investigation into Heat and Mass Transfer in Porous Materials with Particular Reference to Ground Freezing R.W. Lewis, W.K. Sze and P.M. Roberts, U.K	22
Post-Filtration Processes and Their Impact on Drying R.J. Wakeman, U.K.	30
Section II Drying Theory and Modelling
Moisture Distribution During the Constant Rate Drying Period for Unconsolidated Porous Media: Failure of the Diffusion Theory S. Chen and S. Whitaker, U.S.A.	39
A Simplified Calculation Method for the Isothermal Drying of Solid and Hollow Systems with any Degree of Shrinkage W.J. Coumans and H.A.C. Thijssen, The Netherlands	49
A Multi-Dimensional Model Describing the Lyophilization of a Pharmaceutical Product in a Vial M.M. Tang, A.I. Liapis and J.M. Marchello, U.S.A.	57
Simulation of the Convective Drying of Capillary-Porous Materials A.C. Oliveira and E.O. Fernandes, Portugal	65
Measured and Estimated Temperature in Convective and Conductive Drying of a Liquid Film I. Sjoholm and B. Hallstrom, Sweden	71
Internal and Superficial Temperature of Solids During Drying E. Wolff and J.J. Bimbenet, France	77
Diffusion Coefficient Based on the Assumption of Similar Concentration Distribution Y. Sano, and S. Yamamoto, Japan	85
Modelling of the Drying of Refractory Concrete G. Dhatt, M. Jacquemier and C. Kadje, France	94
Heat and Mass Transfer Predetermination Between a Drying Material and an External Flow M. Prat, France	105
Analytical Prediction of Drying Rate Curves V. Strongin and I. Borde, Israel	112
Moisture Diffusion in Synthetic Polymer Filament Packed Beds L.V. Albert and E.C. Macia, Spain	119
Computer Simulation of Adsorption Drying Processes R. Hsieh, U.S.A.	127
Dynamic Model for Batch Drying of a Well-Stirred Bed of Solids K. Viswanathan, M.S. Lyall and S.C. Dhingra, India	135
Modeling and Optimum Operating Conditions of a Through-Flow Dryer W. Tanthapanichakoon, K. Phanaraya and T. Loychirakui, Thailand	142
An Exact Solution of the Sublimation Problem in a Porous Medium Accounting for the Effect of Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer Y. Donghua and Y. Ding, China	149
Section III Drying of Granular Materials
Contact Drying of Mechanically Agitated Particulate Material at the Presence of Inert Gas E. Tsotsas, and E.U. Schlunder, F.R.G.	157
Hydrodynamic Similarity of Conventional and Vibrated Fluidized Beds K. Erdesz (Hungary), A.S. Mujumdar (Canada) and D.U. Ringer, F.R.G.	169
Drying of Paste-Like Materials in Vibro-Fluidized Bed of Inert Packing K. Erdesz and Z. Ormos, U.S.A	177
Spouting Behaviour of Wet Solids K. Patel, J. Bridgwater, C.G. Baker and T. Schneider, U.K.	183
Analytic and Experimental Study for Accelerating and Decelerating Movement of Particles in Pneumatic Conveyer Dryer G. Xu, China	190
Heat Transfer from Submerged Cylinder Moving in Granular Bed T. Ohmori, M. Miyahara, M. Okazaki and R. Toei, Japan	197
Analysis of Simultaneous Drying and Coating of Tablets in a Spouted Bed J. Kucharski and A. Kmiec, Poland	204
A Model for the Movement of Heat and Moisture in Stored Grains as a Result of Mold Respiration E.A. Lissik and N. Latif, U.S.A.	218
Hybrid Drying of Coals by Combined Radiative and Convective Heating M. Hasatani, Y. Itaya and K. Miura, Japan	227
Computer Control of Fluidized Bed Dryer with Varying Temperature Condition V. Ravi, S. Sundaramoorthy and V.S. Ramachandra Rao, India	232
Vacuum Contact Drying of Particulate Material Wetted by Binary Mixtures F. Heimann, and E.U. Schlunder, F.R.G.	238
A New Chemical Plating Method for the Measurement of the Effective Evaporating Area of a Heating Plate at the Bottom of a Packed Bed T. Tachiwaki, T. Uchida, and H. Uyeha, Japan	251
Drying of Granulated Solids I G. Jinescu and A. Iacobini, Romania	260
ITE Method for Determining Drying Kinetics of Solid Granular Materials M. Stefanovic and S. Nesic	265
Multiobjective Optimization of Spouted Bed Drying C. Strumillo, I. Zbicinski, S. Grabowski and A. Kraslawski, Poland	269
Section IV Spray Drying
Drying of Liquid-Solid Slurry Droplets N. Abuaf and F.W. Staub, U.S.A	277
Spray Drying with Plasma-Heated Water Vapor M.P. Amelot and W.H. Gauvin, Canada	285
The Experimental Study of Technical Parameters in Centrifugal Spray Drying Process X. Ji-xuan and Z. Zeng-yan, China	291
The Use of a 'Low-NOx' Gas Burner for Direct Fired Heating of a Spray Drier During Milk Powder Manufacture P.M. Kelly and J.I. Gray	297
A Mathematical Model for Countercurrent Spray Drying of Highly Concentrated and Superheated MAP Solution W. Yuan and F. Jufu, China	305
Evaporation and Entropy Generation Histories of Atomized Spray of Non-Uniform Liquid Droplets in a Stream of Hot Gas S.K. Som, India	314
Section V Drying of Paper and Wood Products
Preliminary Design Study of a Combustion-Heated Impulse Dryer for Paper Drying M.E. Nishtingale and F.W. Ahrens, U.S.A.	324
Some Structural Effects on the Diffusional and Fluid Flow Frictional Resistance of Paper Webs Undergoing Hot-Surface Drying J.A. Lehtinen, Finland	332
A Mathematical Model of High Intensity Paper Drying J.R. Pounder and F.W. Ahrens, U.S.A.	341
MD/CD Shape Deviations of Yankee Dryer Shells ?Causes and Cure H. Holik, H. Brugger and B. Calaminus, F.R.G.	350
Drying of Paper: Measurement of Moisture Content M. Rueff and R. Charuel, France	358
Density Development During Impulse Drying of Paper S.W. Burton, C.H. Sprague and F. Ahrens, U.S.A.	364
Ambient Air Drying of Wood Chips in Thick Layers G. Arnaud, and J.P. Fohr, France	371
Moisture Distribution During High Temperature Drying of Yellow Poplar B.A. Adesanya, J.N. Beard, Jr. and A.K. Nanda, U.S.A.	375
A Theoretical Study of Drying: Numerical Simulations Applied to Clay-Brick and Softwood P. Perre, S.B. Nasrallah and G. Arnaud, France	382
Adaptive Optimal Scheduling and Control of Batch Lumber Kilns Using a Population Balance Model F. Kayihan, U.S.A.	391
The Effect of Kiln Drying on the Distribution of Paraffin Wax in Stained and Waxed Incense-Cedar Pencil Slats K.Y. Wu and J. Lim, U.S.A.	401
Section VI Drying of Foodstuffs and Biomaterials
Drying Characteristics of Minced Fish on Drum Dryers K.H. Kim and W. Piyarat, Thailand	408
Transport Properties Measurement of Food Sample Undergoing Sublimation Dehydration Y. Sagara, Japan	413
Cool Drying of a Milk Cream Type Product E.H. Kubota and J. Cal-Vidal, Brazil	422
Enhanced Thermoresistance of Enzymes by Drying B.G. Eduardo, A.M. Klibanov and M. Karel, U.S.A.	428
Atmospheric Freeze Drying: Design and Energy Consideration E. Eolff, Ph. Louvet and H. Gibert, France	432
An Investigation on the Pressure Drop Characteristics and Primary Drying of Coconuts Using Forced Hot Circulation R. Nampoorthirty, K. Gisuthan, G. Inayatullah and R. Ravikumar, India	440
Fluid Bed Drying of Grated Italian Cheese M. Horikawa, T. Kudo, T. Fukushima and H. Hayashi, Japan	446
The Influence of Drying Conditions and Pretreatments on Permeability to Water of Grape Skin P. Masi, Italy	454
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Author Index	xix
Subject Index	xxiv

Contents	v
Preface	xv
Acknowledgements	xvii
Volume II Section VII Drying of Agricultural Products and Grains
Rice Drying Simulation L.R. Verma and A. Noomhorm, U.S.A.	461
Varietal Differences in High Temperature Drying of Maize in the Midwestern United States R.L. Stroshine and J. Martins, U.S.A.	470
Experimental Measurement of Temperature and Moisture Profiles During Apple Drying W.C. Chiang and J.N. Petersen, U.S.A.	479
Diffusivity of Moisture in Air-Drying of Raisins G.D. Saravacos and G.S. Raouzeos, Switzerland	487
Moisture and Heat Transfer Modelling During Durum Wheat Pasta Drying J. Andrieu and A. Stamatopoulos, France	492
Numerical Analyses on Drying Stresses of Brown Rice Kernel S. Yamaguchi and K. Wakabayashi, Japan	499
Static Vertical Pressure of Grains on Slots (Air-Entry) in a Two-Dimensional Nonaerated Spouted Bed Grain Dryer M.I. Kalwar, V.G.S. Raghavan and A.S. Mujumdar, Canada	506
Water Binding in the Apple Tissue During its Diffusive Processing A. Lenart, P.P. Lewicki and Z. Palacha, Poland	515
Simultaneous Dehydration and Separation of Agricultural Pomaces in Fluidized Beds L. Monroy, J. Segurajauregui and M. Vizcarra, Mexico	520
An Analysis of Sorrel (Hibiscus Sabdariffa) Drying and its Effect on Subsequent Processing D.R. McGaw and I. Fraser, Trinidad	526
Corn Drying in Fluidized Bed S. Ulku and G. Uckan, Turkey	531
Infrared Thermal Radiation Drying of Coffee Beans S. Sanchez and J. Cervantes, Mexico	537
Continuous and Batch Spouted Bed Drying of Coffee Berries O. Alves-Filho, Brazil	542
Simulation and Nomographic Representation of Energy Requirements in Fixed Deep Bed Drying of Paddy M. Kulshreshtha, S.K. Mehara and S. Kumar, India	547
Molecular Sieves and Sand for Particulate Medium Drying of Corn G.V.S. Raghavan and Z. Alikhani, Canada	553
Effects of Kernel Properties on Thin-Layer Drying of Shelled Corn M.P. Levesque, L. Otten and G. E. Timbers, Canada	559
An Approach to the Choice of Crop Driers for Small Farmers in the Tropics D.R. McGaw, O.St.C. Headley and C.K. Sankat, Trinidad	567
Section VIII Superheated Steam Drying
Steam Drying of Wood Particles for Particleboard J.G. Salin, Finland	572
Superheated Steam Drying of Paper: Effects on Physical Strength Properties W.K. Cui, A.S. Mujumdar and W.J.M. Douglas, Canada	575
Flash Drying with Superheated Steam : A Mathematical Model J. Meunier and R. Munz, Canada	580
A Techno-Economic Comparison of Air and Steam Drying E.F. Faber, M.D. Heydenrych, R.U. I. Seppa and R.E. Hicks, South Africa	588
Modelling Tube to Bed Heat Transfer in Fluidized Bed Steam Drying O.E. Potter and C.Beeby, Australia	595
Laminar Evaporation from Flat Surfaces into Unsaturated and Superheated Solvent Vapor M.Hasan, A.S. Mujumdar and M. Al-Taleb, Canada	604
Section IX Industrial Drying Systems and Novel Dryers
An Innovative Drying Process with Diverse Applications K.A. Pluenneke and C.J. Crumm, U.S.A.	617
Aspects of New Dryer Selection D.A. Lee, U.S.A.	625
Designing of Dryer in Tobacco Manufacturing Process T. Ono and T. Yoshida, Japan	630
Effect of Drying on the Evolution and Combustion of Coal Volatiles A.E.W. Gaissmaier and P.K. Agarwal, Australia	637
Safety Aspects of Fluid Bed Dryers A.V. Naimpally, B. Sharifzadh and D. Saletore, U.S.A.	646
Some Safety Concerns for Operation at Elevated % LEL G.F. Tiefenbruck, U.S.A.	651
Process Design in Fluidized Bed Drying A. Hallstrom, Denmark	655
Design of Double Drum Direct Rotary Dryers S. Bhattacharya and S. Chakladar, India	664
Section X Use of Solar Energy in Drying
A Numerical Study of the Performance of Natural Convection Solar Rice Dryers P.H. Oosthuizen, Canada	670
Construction, Simulation and Control of a Complex and Integrated Agricultural Solar Drying System L. Imre, I. Farkas and L. Gemes, Hungary	678
A Large Scale Facility for Experimental Studies of Natural-Circulation Solar-Energy Tropical Crop Dryers P.D. Fleming (U.K), B. Norton (U.K), 0.V. Ekechukwu (Nigeria), S.C. Onyegegbu (Nigeria) and S.D. Probert, U.K.	685
Design and Testing of an Integrated Solar-Cum-Husk Fired Paddy Dryer of One Tonne Per Day Capacity A. Chakraverty and S.K. Das, India	694
Section XI Measurement and Control of Humidity and Moisture
Development of a Capacitive Dew Point Hygrometer for Process Drying R. Sulouff, T. Randazzo and C. Gruber, U.S.A	703
An Infrared Hygrometer to Measure the Water Vapor Mass Content of Conditioned Air in Drying Applications R. Guzzi and G. Scalabrin, Italy	708
A New Contamination-Resistant Hygrometer for Industrial Dryers M.E. Gersh, M.W. Matthew, F. Bien, L.S. Bernstein, and S.M. Adler-Golden, U.S.A.	712
Development of a High Temperature Dew-Point Measuring Apparatus Based on Differential Heat Flow Measurements D. Rall, U.S.A.	719
Using Electrical Conductivity and Cross Correlation to Detect Fiber Saturation Point in Drying Lumber R.A. Lessard and J.L. Hill, U.S.A.	726
Section XII Dewatering
Control Scheme for Optimization of Chemical Feed to Sludge Dewatering Processes S.R. Srivatsa and W.M. Carlson, U.S.A.	733
Electrokinetic Dewatering Processes P. Krishnaswamy and J. Bollinger, U.S.A.	737
Using UNIFAC to Predict Aroma Losses in Juice Concentration S.G. Haralampu, U.S.A.	742
Foam Assisted Dewatering D.S. Brookstein, J. Skelton, D.R. Patterson and F. Lauchenauer, Switzerland	747
Sludge Dewatering and Disposal Practices in the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry R.A. Miner, U.S.A.	752
Osmotic Dehydration of Fruit V. Pavasovic, M. Stefanovic and R. Stevanovic, Yugoslavia	761
Sludge Thickening and Dewatering by Dissolved Air Flotation: FLOATPRESS M. Krofta and L.K. Wang, U.S.A.	765
Sludge Thickening and Dewatering by Dissolved Air Flotation: Process Design, M. Krofta and L.K. Wang, U.S.A.	777
Dewatering Dilute Fine Coal/Water Slurries to Produce Coal/Water Fuel D.J. Maas, R.E. Sears and T.A. Potas, U.S.A.	781
Dewatering of Ultrafine Coal S.X. Huang, G.E. Klinzing and S.H. Chiang, U.S.A.	790
The Andritz Approach to Continuous Press Filter Dewatering G.L. Evans and B. Clements, U.S.A.	799
Section XIII Selected Topics in Drying (Mostly Late Submissions)
Experimental Analysis of the Different Phases in the Drying of Natural Rubber R. Auria and J.C. Benet, France	803
Air Drying in Packed Bed Absorbers S. Ulku, Z. Kaivrak and M. Mobedi, Turkey	807
On the Study of Evaluating and Dehydrating an Automobile Air Conditioning System J.P. Chiou, U.S.A.	813
Bouncing Motions of Drops and Particles Between Parallel-Plate Electrodes. A Preliminary Study on a New Scheme of Drying Augmentation N. Kaji and Y.H. Mori, Japan	819
Simply Calculate the Thermal Parameters of Steam (Water Vapor) X.L. Su and L.Y. Quan, China --	828
Drying of Granular Materials Using a Geared Heat Pump W.G. Cartwright and P.M. Hjiantoniou, U.K.	831
Spray Drying and Competing Technologies in the Chemical Industry K.G. Olsen and J.G. Holmes, U.S.A.	838
Thin-Layer Drying of Wheat at Low Temperatures D.S. Jayas and S. Sokhansanj, Canada	844
Development of New Vertical Dryers for Grains M. Stefanovic, G. Kanevce and D. Milojevic, Yugoslavia	848
Stochastic Theory of the Particles Growth, Aggregation and Grinding in the Batch or Continuous Operating Apparatus N.V. Penkov, and O.M. Flisiuck, U.S.S.R.	853
Heat Transfer Coefficient in Drying Granular Materials S. Sokhansanj (Canada) and D.M. Bruce, U.K.	862
Prediction of Flow and Heat Transfer Under Multiple Impinging Jets Using Two-Equation Model of Turbulence S. Polat, A.S. Mujumdar and W.J.M. Douglas, Canada	868
Section XIV Plenary Lecture
Developments in Spray, Freeze and Agitated Indirect-Heat Drying R. Toei, Japan	880
Appendix I	894
Author Index	906
Subject Index	911