| Preface | ix |
| Nomenclature | xi |
| Keynote lectures | |
| Opportunities for Fundamental Research in Drying C.W. Hall, USA |
1 |
| Non-Kinetic Limits to Drying R.B. Keey, New Zealand |
11 |
| Short-Cut Calculation of Non-Isothermal Drying Rates of Shrinking and
Non-Shrinking Particles and of Particles Containing An Expanding Gas Phase
H.A.C. Thijssen and W.J. Coumans, Netherlands |
22 |
| Moisture Transport Mechanisms During The Drying of Granular Porous
Media S. Whitaker, USA |
31 |
| Aspects of Solar Drying L. Imre, Hungary |
43 |
| Steam Drying C. Beeby and O.E. Potter, Australia |
51 |
| Control of Food-Quality Factors in Spray Drying C.J. King, USA |
69 |
| Modelling Continuous Convection Dryers for Particulate Solids -
Progress and Problems D. Reay, England |
77 |
| Vacuum Contact Drying of Free Flowing Mechanically Agitated
Particulate Material E.U. Schlunder, FRG |
85 |
| Heat and Mass Transport Properties of Heterogeneous Materials M. Okazaki, Japan |
94 |
| Session A: DRYING THEORY AND MODELLING | |
| Influence of Surface Active Agents on The Drying Rate of Solids M. Loncin, T. Roth and C. Bornhardt, FRG |
107 |
| Theory of Constant-Rate Expression and Subsequent Relaxation P.J. Banks, Australia |
112 |
| Importance of Gas Phase Momentum Equation in Drying Above The Boiling
Point of Water C. Moyne and A. Degiovanni, France |
119 |
| An Analysis of Drying Rate Mechanism in Complex Solids G. Ergun, T.G. Somer and B. Kisakurek, Turkey |
127 |
| Convective Drying of Porous Materials Containing Binary Mixtures
F. Thurner and E.U. Schlunder, FRG |
133 |
| The Mathematical Modelling of Drying Process Based on Moisture
Transfer Mechanism Z. Przesmycki and C. Strumillo, Poland |
142 |
| Numerical Modelling of The Drying of Porous Materials G.R. Hadley, USA |
151 |
| Experimental and Numerical Study of Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer in
Porous Materials S. Bories, G. Bacon and M. Recan, France |
159 |
| Mathematical Modelling of Wood Drying From Heat and Mass Transfer
Fundamentals M.A. Stanish, G.S. Schajer and F. Kayihan, USA |
165 |
| Modelling of Contact Drying of Sheet S. Palosaari and J. Riikonen, Finland |
173 |
| Stochastic Modelling of Lumber Drying in Batch Kilns F. Kayihan, USA |
180 |
| Theoretical Prediction of Moisture Transfer by Convective Drying for a
Flat Plate V. Strongin and I. Borde, Israel |
188 |
| Sensitivity Analysis of Thompson'S Deep Bed Drying Simulation Model
M. Kulshreshtha, D.K. Gupta and B.P.N. Singh, India |
195 |
| The Mathematical Mudelling of Cocurrent Spray Drying Y. Wu, J. Fu and C. Zheng, China |
200 |
| The Analytic Solution of The Two-Dimensional Decelerating Movement of
Droplet in Spray Drying C. Xia, China |
208 |
| Drying of Paper Board on a Yankee Dryer, And The Effect of The
Predryer Section, on The Drying Process P. Heikkila and M. Karlsson, Finland |
216 |
| Session B: DRYING OF GRANULAR SOLIDS | |
| Particle Velocities in Pneumatic Conveying Dryers D. Reay and R.E. Bahu, England |
222 |
| Drying of Granular Particles in a Multistage Inclined Fluidized Bed
With Mechanical Vibration M. Hasatani, N. Arai and K. Hori, Japan |
228 |
| Factors Causing Nonuniform Air Flow Through Conical Shaped Granular
Beds A.H. Zahed, R.P. Singh and T.R. Rumsey, USA |
236 |
| Combined Heat and Mass Transfer During Drying of Molecular Sieve
Pellets J. Schadl and A. Mersmann, FRG |
241 |
| Air Drying Kinetics of Biological Particles J.J. Bimbenet, J.D. Daudin and E. Wolff, France |
249 |
| Simulation of The Veneer Drying Process J.G. Salin, Finland |
257 |
| Computer Simulation of a Minton Dryer J.A. Hinds, N.R. Jackson and A.H. Neogi, USA |
261 |
| The Free Draw of a Homogeneous Shbet Between Two Rotating Cylinders
M. Soininen, Finland |
266 |
| Convective Heat Transfer Under Turbulent Impinging Siot Jet at Large
Temperature Differences D. Das, W.J.M. Douglas and R.H. Crotogino, Canada |
273 |
| Session D: DRYING OF FOODSTUFFS | |
| Pundamentals of Drying of Foodstuffs G.H. Crapiste, Argentina, S. Whitaker, USA and E. Rotstein, Arqentina |
279 |
| Sorptional Equilibrium at Changing Temperatures G.H. Crapiste and E. Rotstein, Arqentina |
285 |
| Diffusion Model Applied to Pasta Drying Kinetics J. Andrieu and A. Stamatopoulos, France |
290 |
| Advances in Optimization of Food Dehydration With Respect to Quality
Retention M. Karel, I. Saguy and M.A. Mishkin, USA |
295 |
| Drying of Foods With Flue Gas From Natural Gas Risk/Benefit K.P. Poulsen and J. Rubin, Denmark |
300 |
| Acoustic Dewatering and Drying: State of The Art Review H.S. Muralidhara and D. Ensminger, USA |
304 |
| Drying Heat Sensitive Products R.L. Upadhyaya and A. Kilara, USA |
316 |
| Over-All Drying-Rate Equations of Foodstuffs K. Kubota, K. Suzuki, M. Esaka, H. Araki and M. Nagai, Japan |
322 |
| Enzyme Inactivation During Drying of a Single Droplet S. Yamamoto, M. Agawa, H. Nakano and Y. Sano, Japan |
328 |
| Flavour Retention on Drying of a Single Droplet Under Various Drying
Conditions T. Furuta, M. Okazaki and R. Toei, Japan |
336 |
| Belt Type Foam Mat Dryers J. Uno and N. Kobayashi, Japan |
343 |
| Session E: SPRAY DRYING | |
| Foam Spray Drying: Efficiency of Energy Utilization M. Okazaki, Japan and E.J. Crosby, USA |
347 |
| Effect of Droplet Size on The Properties of Spray-Dried Whole Milk
T.H.M. Snoeren, A.J. Damman, H.J. Klok and P.J.J.M. van Mil, Netherlands |
358 |
| Integrated Fluid Bed Spray Dryers - a New Design Concept N. Ashizawa and K. Masters, Japan |
364 |
| An Assessment of Steam Operated Spray Dryers C.T. Crowe, L.C. Chow and J.N. Chung, USA |
369 |
| Some Effects of Liquid Atomization on Distribution of Droplets in a
Spray Drier J. Weberschinke, V. Vacek and Z. Halounova, Czechoslovakia |
378 |
| Spray Drying Characteristics by a Centrifugal Pressure Nozzle With
Large Orifice Diameter H. Hayashi and S. Takeda, Japan |
384 |
| Drying of Slurries of Fine Clayey Particles by a Spray Dryer and
Utilization of Spray-Dried Particles H. Hirosue, N. Yamada and E. Abe, Japan |
389 |
| Volatile Loss in Spray Drying S. Tsujimoto, M. Nishikawa, T. Furuta, M. Okazaki and R. Toei, Japan |
397 |
| Multi-Stage Spray Drying Method in Manufacturing Heavy Duty Detergents
M. Nakamura and S. Toyoda, Japan |
403 |
| Session F: VACUUM AND FREEZE DRYING | |
| Application of Optimal Control Strategy to Hybrid Microwave and
Radient Heat Freeze Drying System T.N. Chang and Y.H. Ma, USA |
410 |
| A One-Dimensional Approach for Solving Sublimation Processes in Porous
Cubes and Long Square Bars S. Lin, C.C.K. Kwok, P.M. Lee and J.C.Y. Wang, Canada |
415 |
| A Modified Moving Boundary Model for Freeze-Dryers B. Kisakurek and H. Celiker, Turkey |
420 |
| Spray & Freeze Drying of Coffee Extract S. Barnett, USA |
425 |
| Characteristics of Vibro-Fluidized Bed Freeze Drying K. Suzuki, M. Ikeda, M. Esaka and K. Kubota, Japan |
433 |
| Studies on The Drying of Pharmaceutical Granules in a Vacuum Tray
Dryer, to Optimise The Drying and Bed Conditions and to Correlate The
Drying Data A. Nanda and A. Hossain, India |
439 |
| Freeze Drying Characteristics and Transport Properties in Concentrated
Coffee Solution System Y. Sagara, Japan |
443 |
| Freeze-Drying Mechanisms and Drying Rates Under Various Drying
Conditions M. Asaeda and M. Hara, Japan |
451 |
| Freeze-Drying of Concentrated Liquid Foods by Back-Face Heating H. Kumagai, K. Nakamura and T. Yano, Japan |
458 |
| Development of New Refrigeration System and Optimum Geometry of The
Vapor Condenser for Pharmaceutical Freeze Dryers M. Kobayashi, Japan |
464 |
| Defrosting of Internal Vapor Condenser During Final Drying and Its
Application to Food Production Freeze Dryers M. Kobayashi, Japan |
472 |
| Vacuum Drying of Maltodextrin Aqueous Solution With Ethanol in Foamed
State E. Kumazawa, K. Ido, M. Okazaki and R. Toei, Japan |
480 |
| Session G: CONDUCTIVE DRYING | |
| Indirect Heating of Solid Particles S. Abe and T. Akao, Japan |
487 |
| Heat Transfer Coefficient Between Heating Wall and Agitated Granular
Bed R. Toei, T. Ohmori, T. Furuta and M. Okazaki, Japan |
495 |
| Heat Transfer From Submerged Body Moving in Granular Bed R. Toei, T. Ohmori and M. Okazaki, Japan |
501 |
| Session H: DRYING OF AGRICULTURAL MATERIALS | |
| Detection of Lumber Checking During Drying by Means of Acoustic
Emission Technique S. Ogino, K. Kaino and M. Suzuki, Japan |
507 |
| Grain Drying Simulation by The Sphere Drying Model Y. Nishiyama, Japan |
513 |
| Drying of Crop Products With a Shell: Experiniental Approach and
Modelling. Its Application to Hazelnuts J.C. Batsale and J.R. Puiggali, France |
520 |
| Removing Hexane From Rapeseed Meals M. Roques, M. Naiha and J. Briffaud, France |
525 |
| Drying of Pyrethrum Flowers - II P.M. Githinji, Kenya |
530 |
| The Heat Treatment of Rice Husk by Roto-Louvre Dryer for Increasing
Grindability C.C. Chen and S.S. Shaw, Taiwan, China |
534 |
| Industrial Applications for New Steam Drying Process in Forest and
Agricultural Industry C. Svenson, Sweden |
541 |
| Drying of Long Grains R. Thahir, K. Abdullah, Indonesia and Y. Nishiyama, Japan |
546 |
| Experimental and Theoretical Study of Batch Drying of Wheat in Spouted
Beds K. Viswanathan, M.S. Lyall, K.S. Negi and B.C. Raychaudhury, India |
552 |
| Computer Control of a High Temperature Alfalfa Dryer-Instrumentation
and Performance S. Sokhansanj, H. Wood, D. Pulkinen and D. Singh, Canada |
559 |
| Simulation of Parboiled-Rice Drying in a Concurrent Flow Rotary Drier
P.K. Chandra and R.P. Singh, USA |
565 |
| Energy Savings in Grain Drying - A Thermodynamic Evaluation K. Kato, Japan |
571 |
| Optimal Drying Conditions of Grains R.Ouhab and A. Le Pourhiet, France |
579 |
| Temporary Storage With Mixing Method in Paddy Drying Facilities
R.Yamashita and K. Goto, Japan |
585 |
| Through Flow Drying Characteristics of Some Thai Fruits W. Tanthapanichakoon and T. Loychirakul, Thailand |
591 |
| Thin-Layer Drying and Rewetting Models to Predict Moisture Diffusion
in Spherical Agricultural Products O.A. Filho, Brazil and T.R. Rumsey, USA |
597 |
| Thin-Layer Drying of Paddy B.P.N. Singh, M. Narain and R. Srivastava, India |
601 |
| Air-Grain Heat Transfer in a Fixed Bed of Paddy R. Srivastava, B.P.N. Singh and M. Narain, India |
606 |
| The Effect of Drying Conditions on The Yield and Composition of The
Essential Oil of West Indian Ginger D.R. McGaw, I. Chang Yen and V. Dyal, Trinidad-Tobago |
612 |
| The Optimisation of Batch Operated Packed Bed Driers for The Drying of
Tropical Agricultural Products D.R. McGaw, H. Farabi and J. Jairam, Trinidad-Tobago |
616 |
| Studies on Drying of Silkworm Cocoons S. Chen, China |
620 |
| Simulation of Heat and Mass Transfer During Through-Drying Process of
Rough Rice T. Kameoka, A. Hosokawa and H. Morishima, Japan |
625 |
| Properties of Brown Rice Kernel for Calculation of Drying Stresses
S. Yamaguchi, K. Wakabayashi and S. Yamazawa, Japan |
633 |
| Change of Cracked Rice Percentage and Internal Stress of Brown Rice
Kernels During Drying Operation S. Yamaguchi, K. Wakabayashi and S. Yamazawa, Japan |
640 |
| Session I: DRYING OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS | |
| Coupled Drying and Devolatilization of Low Rank Coals in Fluidized
Beds: An Experimental and Theoretical Study P.K. Agarwal, W.E. Genetti and Y.Y. Lee, USA |
648 |
| A New Fluidized Bed Dryer for Amorphous Slag T. Moriyama, H. Itaya and A. Nakamura, Japan |
656 |
| High Temperature Convective Drying of Softwood and Hardwood: Drying
Kinetics and Product Quality Interactions C. Moyne and C. Basilico, France |
662 |
| Corrosion Studies in Pressure Steam Drying of Lumber M. de Chazal, P.C. Leung, H.N. Rosen and E.A. McGinnes, USA |
668 |
| Upgrading of Low-Grade Coals by Heat Treatment K. Taoda, Y. Ito, S. Uehara, F. Sato and T. Kumagaya, Japan |
674 |
| Session J: INDUSTRIAL DRYING SYSTEMS | |
| Single Tube Heat Transfer in Aerated Vibrated Beds K. Malhotra and A.S. Mujumdar, Canada |
681 |
| Experimental Investigation on The Drying of Plywood in Fluidized Bed
X.Z. Wu, China |
690 |
| Drying of Slurry in Bed of Particles Fluidized by Pure Water Vapor
N. Takahashi, Y. Satoh, T. Itoh, T. Kojima, T. Koya, T. Furusawa and D. Kunii, Japan |
693 |
| Dimensioning Heat Pump Driers for Fish Products O.M. Magnussen, I. Strommen and S. Puntervold, Norway |
701 |
| The Application of Microprocessor Technology to Automatic Control of
Textile Drying Processes G.V. Barker and J.H. Christie, New Zealand |
707 |
| Feasibility Study on Dehumidification of Air by Thin Porous Alumina
Gel Membrane M. Asaeda, L.D. Du and M. Ushijima, Japan |
712 |
| Experimental Study on Application of Paddle Dryers for Sludge Cake
Drying Y. Yamahata, H. Izawa and K. Hasama, Japan |
719 |
| Dewatering and Utilization of High Moisture Brown Coal T. Kamei, F. Ono, K. Komai, T. Wakabayashi and H. Itoh, Japan |
725 |
| The New Moisture Control Methods at a Cylindrical Dryer Y. Nambu, Japan |
732 |
| Energy Saving Effect in The Drying Process of Light Calcium Carbonate
H. Niwa and T. Yokoyama, Japan |
735 |
| Session K: ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS | |
| Optimization of Heat Pump Dehumidifier C. Strumillo and R. Zylla, Poland |
739 |
| Solar Dehumidified Air for Low Temperature Drying Systems P. Gandhidasan, Trinidad-Tobago |
748 |
| Energy Optimal Temperature Differences in Heat Pump Driers I. Strommen, Norway |
753 |
| Control and Energy Aspects of Milk Powder Spray-Drying in Relation to
Product Quality G.H. Niels, L.A. Jansen and A.J.B. van Boxtel, the Netherlands |
759 |
| Session L: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES RELATED TO DRYING | |
| A New Measurement Method of Liquid Transport Properties I. Shishido, M. Suzuki and S. Ohtani, Japan |
764 |
| Determination of Concentration Dependent Diffusion Coefficient From
Drying Rates S. Yamamoto, M. Hoshika and Y. Sano, Japan |
769 |
| Effect of Drying Condition on Structure of Dried Product K. Mochizuki, H. Shinagawa and Y. Kawamura, Japan |
777 |
| The Effect of Internals Upon The Lateral Solid Mixing and The Drying
Characteristics in a Fluidized Bed K. Kato, Y. Sato, D. Taneda, S. Omura, K. Nishi and T. Hanzawa, Japan |
782 |
| Bulk Thermal Diffusivity Measurement of Grain Rice by New Fast Method
S. Oshita, Japan |
790 |
| On The Vapour Transfer Rate in Porous Media Under a Temperature
Gradient M. Kuramae, Japan |
797 |
| Behavior of Inversion Point Temperature and New Applications of
Superheated Vapor Drying T. Nomura and T. Hyodo, Japan |
804 |
| Session M: HEAT TREATMENT PROCESSES | |
| Roasting of a Siderite Ore in a Batch Fluidised Bed Reactor M.Z.A. Ebrahim, Egypt and C. and C. Laquarie, France |
810 |
| Spout-Whirl Preheater and Analysis of Flow Profiles in its Rotational
Flow Space D.H. Hu and D.L. Xu, China |
817 |